Ham radios are capable of communication across thousands of miles – even globally – making them an ideal choice for radio operators looking for long-distance options. The combination of the type of transceiver, power source, and antenna combine to create the maximum range for each configuration. Ham operators around the world take on the challenge of maxing out the range of their equipment. The actual maximum range of ham radios will depend on both legal and physical limits that apply to your situation.
How far can a ham radio reach?
Handheld transceivers operating on the 2-meter band using 5 watts typically transmit up to 10 miles without a repeater, but many operators use repeaters to extend that range exponentially. 10-meter mobile radios utilize up to 200 watts and reliably transmit 50 miles, making them a popular choice by truckers and ham enthusiasts. A base station utilizes the most wattage, and experienced operators successfully transmit up to 4000 miles worldwide by using repeaters.
Legal Limits
Amateur radio usage is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Before physical limits come into play, ham radio operators need to understand the legal limits that affect their radio’s range.
Licensing
Unlike CB radios, ham radio operators must obtain a ham radio license from the FCC. There are three levels to amateur radio licensing with increasing levels of expertise:
Level 1 — Technician Class: an entry-level license that grants transmitting privileges on the VHF and UHF bands used for local communication, and limited Ham bands for global transmissions
Level 2 — General Class: expands transmitting privileges to long-distance, international communication via signal propagation, and increased voice operation on Ham bands
Level 3 — Extra Class: provides access to the full range of Ham bands allocated to the Amateur Radio Service
Each license gives operators access to all amateur Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands, but levels two and three open up more access to voice communication through HF bands. Passing the licensing exam is easier now that Morse code is no longer required. The National Association for Amateur Radio (ARRL) is a great resource for operators. People who are interested in global radio communication will likely need at least a general license to access necessary frequency bands.
Radio Frequency
Ham radios have a frequency range of about 28-29 MHz, and primarily use HF and VHF bands. These frequency ranges are able to achieve longer distance communications outdoors than UHF bands thanks to longer wavelengths – and in the case of HF bands, the use of ionosphere propagation.
Radios using VHF bands primarily transmit signals that travel in direct lines, which means they are easily affected by surrounding topography but can reach distances slightly beyond the line of sight. HF bands operate based on ionosphere propagation, which reflects radio signals back to the earth, making global communication possible since the signals are not limited to line-of-sight transmissions.
Power
Your ham radio’s range will depend significantly on your power output and the type of radio you are using. Handheld ham radios may look like walkie-talkies but they have a whole lot more functionality, use very low wattage (around 5 watts), and usually transmit 5 miles or so. Base stations, on the other hand, require much more significant power supplies, and are capable of the longest-range communications. The legal limit for these ham radios is 1500 watts at peak envelope power (PEP).
Mobile ham radios, such as those used in trucks, are a medium-range option capable of long-distance communication using up to 200 watts. Keep in mind that the range of each of these models is subject to drastic changes depending on additional equipment being used (such as repeaters or satellites) and the conditions surrounding the transceiver.
Physical Limits
The longest range your ham radio can achieve is not a definite distance, because it depends on your surroundings and how your radio and equipment are set up. These are some of the most important physical factors that affect ham radio reach.
Surrounding Terrain
Radios can transmit and receive signals more easily across open, flat terrain than in a place with large physical obstructions such as mountains or buildings. Weather is also a determining factor in the radio’s range. High temperatures impede signal strength, and stormy weather can cause significant disruptions.
Radio Interference
Radios that use UHF bands can encounter signal interference from devices such as cell phones or internet routers. Ham radios that operate in VHF bands are more likely to run into interference from radio stations and television broadcasters, as well as radio systems designed for military or emergency use.
Antenna Type
Antennas play an important role in ham radio range, and there are many ham radio antennas to choose from depending on your radio type, where you are using it, and what you hope to accomplish. Antennas primarily affect ham radio range through height (maximizing line-of-sight transmissions) and proportion to the wavelength of the signal. The 5/8 wave antenna is ideal for long-range communication, assuming you are transmitting from an open area.
Antenna Positioning
The “height above average terrain” principle essentially means that positioning your radio antenna higher will usually give your radio longer-range capabilities. It is also important to position your antenna vertically to maximize its height.
Ham Radios vs Other Radios
Ham radio operation is an investment that requires a license and has a learning curve, so how does it compare to other radios? The FRS (Family Radio Service) walkie-talkie style, two-way radio is super easy to operate for beginners but uses only 2 watts of power and is limited to communication between groups. Because it’s a low-power option, the range is generally a couple of miles max. The GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) transmits up to 50 watts with enhanced range, but it’s limited to the 70 cm band. A GMRS has a range of up to 30 miles. CB radios (Citizens Band) have been the go-to choice for truckers for generations for their ease of use which allows for free exchange of travel information. The typical range for a CB radio is 3-4 miles. Many have been turning to the 10-meter mobile radio as a better alternative because it’s compact, reliable, and offers better transceive than CBs. Depending on conditions, a 10-meter radio has a range of up to 50 miles without a repeater.
Our Favorite Mobile Ham Radio: The Stryker SR-955HPC
Maximum range starts with a quality transceiver, so if you’re in search of a high-quality, 10-meter radio, look no further than the Stryker SR-955HPC. The newest version is a standout, boasting exceptional audio clarity, increased robustness, and innovative features that set it apart from the rest. With Stryker’s unwavering dedication to quality, the SR-955HPC will continue setting the benchmark for other 10-meter radios. Our best-in-class warranty and stellar customer service make us a top choice among both professional and amateur operators who expect the best from their radio. For best-in-class 10-meter radios, CB antennas, connectors, and accessories, Stryker Radios has you covered. Shop online or find a store near you.
